A Dream in the Red Mansions
4 min readCao Xueqin and his famous novel ,A Dream in the Red Mansions
Cao Xueqin（1715-1763）（see Figure 69）was a great writer in the Qing Dynasty（1644-1911）.His personal name was Zhan ，and his style name Mengruan .His representative work A Dream ofRed Mansions was written in the latter half of the 18th century，which is not only a great Chinese novel but also a gem of world literature.
Cao Xueqin was the posthumous grandson of Cao Yin ，who was the Textile Commissioner in Nanking and was greatly favored by Emperor Kangxi.The Cao family’spower and wealth were at its height under Cao Yin.However，a few years after Cao Xueqin was born，the Cao family had reached its downfall due to political reasons.In 1742，Cao Xueqin was found living in poverty in the western suburb of Peking（Beijing）.He died in 1763，at around forty years old，leaving behind a wife.This novel was written when Cao Xue qin was living in poverty and it was meant to be a recount of Cao’s childhood，yet the debate of whether Jia Bao-yu ，the hero in the novel was meant to represent Cao remained.
The life of luxury in his boyhood acquainted him with the ways of noble families and the ruling class，while poverty in his old age enabled him to observe life more clearly and penetratingly.Based on his own understanding of life and with his progressive ideas，serious attitude and high craftsmanship，he was able to create A Dream of Red Mansions，a book regarded as the pinnacle of the Chinese classical novel.of its 120 chapters，the first 80 were written by Cao Xueqin，while the last 40 chapters were thought to have been written by another writer，Gao E ，the adopted son of Cao Xueqin.Though certain differences with the former 80 chapters can be discerned in Gao E’s sequel，in respect to ideological content and artistic achievement，it still basically follows Cao’s original plan and makes the novel an integral whole.
A Deram ofRed Mansions describes the life and declining fortunes of a large feudal family.At the heart of the novel is a tragic love story between Jia Baoyu ，Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai .The author，instead of telling the love story superficially，tries to tap the social origins of the tragedy through probing deeply into the characters’minds and the complicated relationships among them，hence exposing the hypocrisy and cruelty of feudalism and the decadence of the ruling class.The novel goes far beyond the tragic love story，to depict a broad swath of society through describing a series of complicated conflicts and struggles，and ultimately predicting the doomed fate of feudal society as a whole.The novel criticizes feudalism，its corrupt politics，marriage system and ethical relationships and passionately denounces its cruelty and inhumanity In China，A Dream ofRed Mansions is praised as an encyclopedia for analyzing feudal society.
ADream ofRed Mansions portrays a galaxy of unforgettable characters，including Jia Baoyu，Lin Daiyu，Xue Baochai，Wang Xifeng ，Yuanyang ，Qingwen ，Lady Dowager，Jia Zheng ，Jia She ，Jia Zhen and Jia Lian.Jia Baoyu is a rebel of the feudal noble class.He lives in a large feudal family，but he resents their decadence and hypocrisy，and finally abandons them.His rebellious character is fully expressed in his attitude of indifference to the ways of aristocratic life.He holds in contempt the tiresome men and greatly sympathizes with the women，oppressed and trampled by the feudal system.Jia Baoyu’s anti-feudal awareness is also reflected in his persistent pursuit of true love.The tragic love story between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu is in fact a social tragedy.
Lin Daiyu is also a rebellious figure in the novel.She represents，to a certain degree，women’s unfortunate fate in feudal society and their resistance to its oppressiveness.But her weakness is in her restrained and fragile character，typical of noble girls.Baoyu and Daiyu are the two most beloved characters of the author.In contrast to Baoyu and Daiyu，Baochai is portrayed as a conventional woman of feudal society.But in the declining period of the feudal system，she is also a tragic figure.
The author also portrays a large number of servant-girlssuch as Qingwen and Yuanyang，who live at the bottom rung of the Jia family.These girls are kind，pure and brave.
A Dream ofRed Mansions made great artistic achievements，which is especially reflected in its characterization.It portrays the characters by describing their different mentaloutlooks and inner thoughts and emotions，and also provides a great deal of detailed descriptions of characters’daily lives，which is perfectly combined with the depiction of the characters.Cao Xueqin attained flawlessness in language，greatly influencing later fiction writers.A Dream ofRed Mansions reflected high aesthetic quality in many aspects including poetry，drama，art，architecture and gardens.
A Dream ofthe Red Mansions，the great classical Chinese novel written in the mid-eighteenth century during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty，has been widely pop-
ular throughout the last two hundred years and more.The four great houses of Jia ，Shi ，Wang and Xue described in this novel were typical basic politicalunits of feudal society.Such families were linked with the court above and the local officials below to form a network of control with the feudal autocratic state power as its center.
The Qing Dynasty（1644-1911）was the last feudal dynasty in China.The Qianlong era（1736-1795）was the turning point towards the decline of the Qing Dynasty.Crisisdriven feudalism was already on its last legs.The whole fabric of Chinese feudal society was tottering on the verge of final collapse.This was the period in which Cao Xueqin the author of A Dream of the Red Mansions lived，who died in poverty in the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong.
