History of Changsha

Changsha is a cultural city with a long history.Results of the archaeological studies show that 7000 years ago，people began to inhabit here.The legendary Emperors Yao and Shun were both buried in ancient Changsha.Changsha first got itsname in the Western Zhou Dynasty（1lth century-771BC）3000 years ago.In the period of the Xia（21st-17th century BC）and Shang（17th-1lth century BC）dynasties，Changsha was part of the ancient Sanmiao Kingdom.It was an important city in terms of military affairs and was major area for rice production，both in the Spring and Autumn Period（770-476BC）and the Warring States Period（475-221BC）.When the Qin Dynasty（221-206BC）unified China，Changsha became one of the 36 prefectures of the whole country.The capital of Changsha Prefecture was Xiangxian County（today’s Changsha）.This was the start of Changsha being listed within the administrative scope of China.In 202BC，the founder of the Western Han Dynasty（206BC-8AD）Emperor Gaozu conferred Wu Rui the governance of Changsha，and set up the State of Changsha.

Then，Changsha was under the jurisdiction of Wu in the Three Kingdoms Period（220-280），and was renamed as Tanzhou in the Sui and Tang dynasties.Changsha was part of Hunan Province and changed into Changsha Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty（1368-1644）.

In the Qing Dynasty（1644-1911）it was known as the capital of Hunan Province.In 1922 it was reaffirmed as the capital of Hunan，and in 1933，Changsha City was established.Changsha welcomed its peaceful liberation on August 5，1949，and a nechapter was unveiled in its history.

Geography and Climate

Xiang River and Changsha’s riverbank at night Changsha is located at 111°53′-114°5′ east longitude and 2751′-28°40’north latitude，situated in the east central Hunan.Its terrain is high in the west and low in the east.There are many mountainous areas in the west and in the north.The Xiangjiang River flows south to northwest；296 m high Mt.Yuelushan is in the west；and Liuyanghe River（Liuyang River）and Laodaohe River（Laodao River）east.

Changsha has a monsoon climate within the sub-tropical zone，with annual average temperature being 16.8°C-17.2°C，4.6°C in January and 28.6C in July.Average annual precipitation is 1422 mm.，and the yearly frost-free period is 275 days.The four seasons are distinct.Summer is long and broiling，with heavy rainfall，and autumn is comfortable with abundant sunlight.In winter，it is nearly rainless and not very cold，changing to rainy and wet weather with rapidly increasing temperatures in the spring.

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